Chemiosmotic hypothesis: A hypothesis used to explain the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. This hypothesis states that when high-energy electrons are transferred along the respiratory chain, the energy released is used to establish an H+ electrochemical gradient across the inner membrane. This H+ electrochemical potential gradient established across the inner membrane is the driving force of ATP synthase.

Semi-autonomous replicating organelles: They contain their own genetic expression system, but the genetic information they encode is very limited. Their RNA transcription, protein translation, self-construction, and function must rely on the genetic information encoded by the nuclear genome.

Euchromatin: Chromatin that is less compacted during interphase and is in an extended state, staining lighter with basic dyes.

Heterochromatin: Chromatin that is highly compacted during interphase and is in a condensed state, and that stains darker with basic dyes.

Nucleosome: The basic unit of chromosomes consisting of a core composed of eight histone subunits and a base pair of about 200 base pairs wrapped around it.

Nuclear body: In addition to chromatin and nucleolar structures, the interphase nucleus also contains many morphologically different subnuclear domains, collectively known as nuclear bodies, which are membrane-free and highly dynamic.

Basal body: A similar structure at the base of flagella and cilia is called the basal body.

Nucleolar Organizing Center (NOR): A chromosome segment involved in nucleolus formation, usually located near the secondary constriction

Nuclear localization signal (NLS): A short amino acid sequence present in nucleophilic proteins that guides the import of nucleophilic proteins into the nucleus.

Nucleophilic proteins: proteins that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and need or can enter the nucleus to function.

Signal recognition particle (SRP): A complex of a small molecule RNA and six proteins in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic organisms that can recognize the signal at the end of the nascent peptide on the ribosome, bind to it in sequence, and stop peptide synthesis. At the same time, it can recognize and bind to the docking protein on the ER membrane, thereby bringing the ribosome on the mRNA to the membrane.