(3) Among ecological factors, those that are indispensable for the survival of organisms are called survival factors (or survival conditions, living conditions). The combined effects of all ecological factors constitute the ecological environment of organisms.

connect:

Survival factors are a subset of ecological factors, which in turn are a subset of environmental factors.

7. The three elements of a system, their basic properties, and the four stages of system analysis.

A: The three elements of the system:

(1) Two or more components;

(2) The components are interconnected and have a certain structure;

(3) Have independent and specific functions.

Basic properties of the system:

(1) The integrity of system components

(2) Orderliness of system structure

(3) Integration characteristics of system functions

(4) Controllability of system structure and functions

Four stages of system analysis:

In the qualitative analysis phase,

Quantitative research stage,

Model analysis phase,

System structure optimization stage.

8. What types of relationships between populations are there? Give examples.

Answer: Positive interaction

(1) Primitive cooperation: refers to two biological populations living together, each gaining something from the other, but there is no dependence between them.

(2) Partial symbiosis: refers to two plants living in symbiosis, one of which benefits while the other is harmless.

(3) Mutualism: refers to two biological populations living together, relying on each other and benefiting from each other.

Negative interactions:

(1) Competition: refers to the interaction between two or more populations competing for the same object. It is divided into interference competition and utilization competition.

(2) Predation: refers to the interspecific relationship in which organisms at a higher trophic level feed on and harm organisms at a lower trophic level.

(3) Parasitism: refers to a relationship in which one species obtains nutrition from the body fluids, tissues or digested substances of another species and causes harm to the host.

11. Briefly describe the necessity of integrating multiple industries in the ecosystem structure.

(1) The combination of multiple industries is conducive to resource utilization

(2) The integration of multiple industries is conducive to ecological stability

(3) The combination of multiple industries is conducive to material circulation

(4) The combination of multiple industries is conducive to meeting social needs

12. Principles of designing food chains and web structures.

Answer: (1) Fill in the blank ecological niche and increase product output.

(2) Turn waste materials into resources and increase their utilization value.

(3) Reduce nutrient loss and waste and ineffective energy consumption.

(4) Expand product diversification, open up more employment opportunities for farmers, and increase their economic income.

(5) Achieve environmental purification and improve ecological benefits.

13. Briefly describe the characteristics of agricultural ecosystems.

(1) Changes in composition and structure

(2) Changes in the degree of openness

(3) Stability and changes in stabilization mechanisms

(4) Changes in the laws of obedience

(5) Changes in functions and system objectives

(6) Changes in the production process

14. Briefly describe the main technologies of China’s ecological agriculture.

Answer: (1) Biological symbiosis and mutual benefit and three-dimensional layout technology;

(2) Benign circulation and regeneration technology of matter and energy;

(3) Comprehensive resource development technology;

(4) Integrated pest management technology;

(5) Comprehensive control technology for soil and water loss;

(6) Agricultural environmental protection and agricultural production self-purification technology.

17. What aspects does ecosystem structure include? Analyze the dialectical relationship between ecological structure and function.

Ecosystem structure mainly includes three aspects: component structure, spatiotemporal structure and nutritional structure.

The more complex the ecosystem structure, the higher the ecological threshold and the more stable the ecosystem. Biodiversity is an important condition for maintaining ecosystem stability.

What aspects does the ecosystem structure include? Analyze the dialectical relationship between the structure and function of the ecology.

Briefly describe the characteristics of submerged plants.

Comparison of r-games and K-games.

Logistic growth model and parameter significance.

The main difference between organismic theory and individualistic theory.

The three elements of a system and its basic properties and the four stages of system analysis.

Understand the differences between the four types of food chains.

Compare the differences between vapor phase circulation and deposition circulation.

The role of ecosystem information and its applications in agriculture.

Briefly describe the necessity of integrating multiple industries in the ecosystem structure.

Briefly describe the characteristics of agricultural ecosystems.

Essay Questions

Based on the characteristics of your major, talk about your understanding of agricultural ecology.

Answer: Ecology is the science that studies the relationship between organisms and the environment. It takes ecosystems as its research object and consists of three parts: ecological culture, ecological principles, and ecological methods.

Discuss the development path of China's modern agriculture.

Answer: Modern agriculture faces severe problems in coordinating development with natural resources, so we must take the path of ecological agriculture to ensure sustainable and stable agricultural development.

China is a developing country with a large population and limited land. Per capita agricultural resources are far below global averages. Therefore, China must proceed from its own reality and pursue an agricultural development path tailored to its national conditions. This path aims to fundamentally resolve the contradiction between people's ever-increasing demands for a better material standard of living and the demands of population, resources, and the environment.

Ecological agriculture in China differs significantly from other types of alternative agriculture: First, the background, starting point, and goals of its emergence differ. Second, in its specific practices, it advocates the organic integration of modern science and technology with traditional intensive farming, emphasizing both technology- and labor-intensive practices and appropriate and rational investment. Third, the participants differ. Ecological agriculture in China is a government initiative, characterized by strict organization and a gradual approach.

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