Neurotransmitter release allows for rapid communication between neurons in higher organisms.
In neurons, release is limited to a specialized, electron-dense region called the active zone, which appears as a disc-shaped structure covered with synaptic vesicles.
The synaptic vesicles in your neurons have developed shapes we've never observed before.
At the junction between nerve cells, the active area forms a slender ridge, with synaptic vesicles of a unique structure arranged on both sides.
Furthermore, in sensory cells such as hair cells and photoreceptor cells in your body, the active region appears as an irregular manifold surrounded by vesicles. Despite differences in shape and structure, all active regions contain voltage-gated calcium channels and proteins that mediate and regulate exocytosis and endocytosis.
A series of structural proteins, such as piccolo and basson tubes, are set within the cellular framework, forming the cytoskeleton of the active zone, and organizing a dynamic pool of vesicles around this region.
Synaptic vesicles are lipid bilayer structures with a diameter of 40-100 nm, filled with neurotransmitter molecules.
The membranes of neuronal and sensory cell vesicles produce a novel protein that plays a role in vesicle regeneration, transport, exocytosis, and neurosecretion.
This novel protein enables rapid synaptic exocytosis, such as that of neurons, photoreceptor cells, and hair cells, which occurs within milliseconds after calcium influx; we observed it to be 0.5 ms or less.
Your observational value has already surpassed that of all life on Earth; it's truly incredible. A completely new protein is helping the flow of nerve signals and sensory cells in your body.
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