The servant kneeling behind Dingan holds Dingan's human spittoon in his right hand. The boy in the top hat in the middle is Peter Retief's underage son. Then the Zulus started to kill and plunder the Boers, including underage children.

In the picture below, the Zulu man is holding a torch in his right hand. It is said that it was originally supposed to be a baby, but because it was too cruel, it was changed to a torch. On November 20, 1838, Andres Pretorius led a reinforcement force of 464 people from Cape Town to help.

On December 15, 1838, the team set up a battle formation with 64 ox carts on the Nkang River. Ding Gan missed the opportunity to attack at night, and in the early morning of December 16.

The Boers relied on the advantageous circular formation of cattle carts and used advanced muskets to shoot at the spears and shields of the Zulus. In this battle, the Zulus suffered heavy losses, with more than 3,000 casualties. The blood dyed the Ncombe River red, and this battle was called the "Battle of Blood River". "The right time, the right place, and the right people" are often the inevitable magic weapon to defeat the many with the few and the strong with the weak.

In January 1839, the two sides signed a "peace agreement" and Dinggan was forced to cede a large area of ​​land south of the Tugela River to the Boers and hand over thousands of livestock and several tons of ivory as war "compensation". Dinggan's brother Umpanda seized power. In this war, the Boer women showed their strength, wisdom and bravery.

The pioneers used their sweat, blood and tears to open up a new world for their descendants. The four huge arched windows are inlaid with Belgian-style glass, and the marble water-like patterns on the ground flow in all directions, symbolizing the waves rushing towards freedom.

The memorial tower auditorium in the basement is the central focus of the memorial hall. "Cenotaph" means both "monument" and "cenote", so it is also the symbolic resting place of the governor of the Union Camp, Pietretief, and all other immigrant pioneers who died in the Great Migration. The flags of the Boer Republics of various periods are hung around the auditorium.

Every year at 12 noon on December 16, sunlight shines through an opening in the dome of the memorial hall onto the cenotaph, falling on the words "onsvirjousuidafrika", which means "all for you - South Africa", explains Gerard Moerdijk.

The rays of the sun symbolize God's love for the life and work of the pioneers. During the centenary celebrations of the Great Migration, the South African Cultural Organization (ATKV) organized a national campaign to collect pioneer memorabilia. Many of the items collected during this campaign are temporarily stored in Hartenbos.

It was hoped that one day these relics would be displayed in the Pioneer Hall's own museum. At that time, Ms. Kotieroodtcoetzee, a female elder in Transvaal, worked hard to establish such a museum. In 1960, a new "Pioneer Museum" was finally established in the area.

The Museum of History and Culture managed the museum until 2000. The Board of Trustees of the Pioneer Memorial and Conservancy eventually took over its management.

In December 2000, the museum moved back to the basement of the memorial. In keeping with the images reflecting the pioneers and their relationship to their lives and other inhabitants of southern Africa, the museum also added information panels.

This small museum not only displays the living scenes of the ancestors during the migration, but also displays the daily necessities of the time, from toys, musical instruments to books and letters, which makes people travel back to more than a hundred years ago and feel the hardships and optimism.

Among the many exhibits, a group of exquisite tapestries that particularly caught the eye are 15 scenes from the Great Migration period that nine women spent eight years to complete.

The tapestries contain a total of 3.3 million stitches, and the scenes embroidered by the women were painted by artist Whcoetzer. In 1960, the South African white cultural organization Women and Mothers Movement Group (ATKV "Vrouenmoederbond") donated these 15 historic tapestries to the First Nations Memorial.

Take the small elevator to the upper open-air observation deck. When the elevator door opens, you will see a long corridor carved out of granite, showing interlaced light and shadow under the projection of sunlight.

One hundred years ago, there were four countries in southern Africa: the Cape Republic (capital Cape Town), the Natal Republic (capital Durban), the Transvaal Republic (capital Pretoria) and the Orange Republic (capital Bloemfontein), the latter two of which were closely related to the pioneers of the Boers.

In 1910, Britain formed the Union of South Africa by combining the four republics of Cape, Natal, Transvaal and Orange. When deciding where the capital of the Union of South Africa should be, the countries argued fiercely and finally reached a compromise, setting the administrative capital as Pretoria, the legislative capital as Cape Town, and the judicial capital as Bloemfontein.

The remaining Durban got the lucrative job of importing and exporting goods. Everyone is happy.

After the establishment of the new South Africa in 1994, the apartheid system was abolished, but the tradition of three capitals in one country was not changed. The "Venture Hall" was also preserved. This building, which records the grievances between whites and blacks, is an important tourist attraction in Pretoria, but there will definitely be no black people among the visitors.

In order to get their jobs, the black drivers who bring tourists here have to endure coming to this irritating place again and again.

The colonial war is certainly not worth praising. In a sense, the "Venerables Memorial Hall" seems to be a beautiful cover-up for the Boers' plundering behavior. However, looking at the development of history, we have to admit that "colonization" is different from simple "plunder" and "aggression", at least.

It did promote the progress and development of many regions. Portugal, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Whether the landing of these European countries caused more harm to the colonial rule of the indigenous people or provided more help to the economy and culture of these lands, which is right or wrong, can only be seen from the development of the country.

Although the "Venerables Memorial Hall" still stands intact on the hill, a strange phenomenon can be seen on the streets of Pretoria: all the road signs have two names. The original English-pronounced street names in larger fonts have been crossed out by a long slash, and new street names with indigenous pronunciation are written below.

Yunluo has no right to comment on this practice as "ignorance, waste of money and labor". But "national spirit" should not be an excuse to hinder social progress. For a moment, I saw the country and cities on the other side of the earth.

Following the strange road signs, we came to another important building in Pretoria - the Union Buildings, which is also the seat of the Presidential Palace. The building is located on a hill overlooking the entire city of Pretoria.

Designed by Sir Herb Baker and built in the early 20th century, it is a majestic granite building, the main body of which is a semicircular European palace-style building, symmetrical, with office buildings on both sides and two towering clock tower-style buildings.

There is a huge sculpture in front of the building. The base is made of beige granite. On the top of the round monument are two ** warriors standing on either side of a horse with its head held high and its hooves raised.

One description says that this is a sign of the British and Boers' determination to subdue the indigenous people and jointly rule South Africa; another description says that this sculpture is actually a "World War I Heroes Monument", symbolizing the South African warriors during the First World War. Yunluo prefers to believe the second statement. Because going down the stairs, you can see the answer.

Below the building is a large garden that has been carefully designed and maintained, full of greenery.

Going down the stairs, there is a statue of James Barry Munnik Hertzog in the center. He studied law in his early years, practiced law in Pretoria from 1892 to 1895, and later worked in the High Court of the Orange Free State during the Second Boer War (1899-1902).

He served as deputy commander-in-chief of the Orange Free State Army; in 1907, he joined the Orange Free State Autonomous Government cabinet; in 1910, he entered the first cabinet of the Union of South Africa; in 1914, he founded the Afrikaner National Party; from 1924 to 1939, he served as Prime Minister of South Africa; although the Dutch ancestors gained a place to survive after defeating the indigenous people of South Africa.

However, the two sides also established hatred during the war and killing, which led to the racial discrimination policy of the descendants of the Dutch. Herzog encouraged the development of white culture in South Africa throughout his life, but at the same time he also prompted South Africa to implement the apartheid system for half a century. The fact that his statue was not destroyed after 1994 can be regarded as a manifestation of "peaceful transition".

Going further down is the "Mausoleum of Heroes of World War I". This proves that the statue at the top should be the monument. And under the statue is engraved "19141918", which is the time of World War I. Although South Africa was not a belligerent country, as a British colony, it still secretly sent thousands of troops.

There is no mistake in the poem, post, content, and read the book on 6, 9, and bar!

Assisting the Allies in the war, these South African soldiers almost all died in the end. The war affects not only the nominal protagonists. There are too many supporting characters who are implicated. I pray that there will be no more monuments, mausoleums, and attractions like this on the earth.

The statue standing in the lawn at the bottom is Louis Botha, the first prime minister after the establishment of the Union of South Africa. He was also one of the founders of the Afrikaner Party. During the Second Anglo-Boer War, he served as the commander of the South Station District. In September 1899, Botha captured an armed column in an ambush.

Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, the former British Prime Minister who was a reporter for the Post at the time, was one of the prisoners. Because Churchill was armed, the Boers refused to release the war correspondent. In December 1899, Churchill escaped from prison alone.

He returned to England in March 1900, becoming famous throughout the country and successfully entering politics. In 1910, Churchill became Home Secretary. In the same year, Botha became the first Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa and served until his death in 1919.

After a morning of "history lessons", I had mixed feelings. The best way to adjust my mood is to eat delicious food. Today's meal has already been prepared for Nalan Shiqi and Yunluo. A friend opened a family restaurant in Biduo and specially asked the chef from Beijing to cook for Nalan Shiqi and Yunluo. The ingredients are fresh and the taste is authentic, enough to make foodies talk about it for a lifetime.

On the highway connecting Johannesburg and Pretoria, there are many iron frames across the middle, with a long row of searchlight-like equipment installed on them. In fact, this is a new measure taken by the current government to increase highway tolls. It requires that all vehicles passing through the highway be equipped with an additional device to generate induction with the equipment on the iron frame while driving.

The distance traveled is calculated and the charges are based on this data. This measure was opposed by the public, and the groups representing the public protested to the government. It is said that black people are particularly slow at work, and the repair work of many public facilities has been delayed indefinitely, while the installation of this expensive facility took only a few days.

This is one of the reasons why the public is extremely dissatisfied. Although after several rounds of negotiations, the government finally reduced the charging standard from a few yuan per kilometer to a few cents per kilometer, it was still rejected and no one installed the vehicle-mounted equipment. Therefore, this area of ​​iron frames that have sprung up like mushrooms after rain is useless and has become a headache for the current government.

In addition to the three capitals and one important port, South Africa also has a city that maintains the economic lifeline of the entire country - Johannesburg. One day in 1886, a white man named George Harrison was walking on a farm in the highlands of the upper reaches of the Wah River in the northeast, and was tripped by a stone exposed on the ground.

The stone turned out to be a gold nugget. As a result, gold diggers from all over the world flocked to the area, setting off a gold rush. As the number of gold diggers increased, a large population settlement was formed. The then South African government sent commissioners to inspect the area and planned to build a town. Two people were sent to carry out this task.

One was a Dutch immigrant named Johann Rissik, and the other was a Boer named Christian Johannes Joubert. So the city built on this golden land was named after their names Johann and Johannes, and with the suffix Burg which means "city, town", we have today's Johannesburg.

Later, the Boers discovered other precious minerals on this land, diamond being one of them. South Africa has been world-famous as a gold and diamond power for 100 years. In 1981, the amount of gold mined was 6,576 tons, accounting for more than half of the world's total gold mining that year. Johannesburg has become a veritable gold capital.

Although its gold production is not as high as before, it is still an important gold production center in the world. (To be continued...)