Not to mention other things, there are three perpetual motion machines alone. It is obvious that wizards are very keen on creating infinite power.

The most reliable one is the magnetic perpetual motion machine, which uses dozens of permanent magnets to provide power and is expected to be used for more than ten years. However, this thing was still rejected by Lin En.

After all, with all these strong magnets, why didn't they just use them to build generators? Wouldn't that be more efficient?

However, wizards' imaginations are not always so bad. After more than a year, the results of various magical theories can only be described as a blowout, especially in the fields of mathematics, mechanics, elements and electromagnetism.

In these few hours, Lynn, Harof and others have already given out six Morning Star Medals. Remember, this is only the first day of the seminar.

Sean was the 36th person to take the stage, and he also presented his own invention - a mechanical pendulum clock for timekeeping!

Today, wizards still use the hourglass method to measure time, which is based on the time it takes for quicksand to leak from one container to another.

But the difference is that the magic hourglass made by wizards contains a special kind of time sand with magical power.

This thing has two important characteristics.

The first is that in the special hourglass, ten grains of sand will fall per second. The second is that it is particularly obvious under the wizard's unique spiritual perception.

This means that wizards only need to touch the hourglass to know the amount of remaining sand through their mental power, and their computing power can also distinguish the current moment in a very short time.

Its accuracy can reach about 0.01 second.

The mechanical pendulum clock made by Sean uses the isochronism principle of a simple pendulum.

A simple pendulum is a device that can produce reciprocating swings - a simple pendulum is formed by hanging one end of a thin string from the ceiling and placing a small ball at the other end.

Then, as long as an initial force is applied to it, the small ball below will start to swing back and forth under the influence of gravity.

And according to the law he discovered, the time it takes for the ball to swing back and forth is only related to the length of the pendulum line and is not affected by the amplitude of the swing. This stability has become the basis for measuring time...

Sean directly disassembled the entire pendulum clock, pointed to the gears, balance wheel, mainspring and hairspring inside, and explained its operating principle in detail.

In short, the gears are driven by the force of the pendulum, and one rotation represents one minute!

After listening to Sean's description, Lin En realized that this was a relatively basic pendulum clock. Probably because it had just been developed, its structure was very simple.

After casually pointing out a few areas that needed improvement, Lin En smiled and spoke again. "In my opinion, it would be better to increase the number of gears inside the dial to three. Every time the small gear rotates one circle, the middle gear rotates one quarter, and every time the middle gear rotates one circle, the large gear rotates one quarter. I call them the second wheel, minute wheel, and hour wheel!"

Sean paused, a look of surprise on his face, and soon realized the benefit of doing this. In this way, he didn't have to calculate how many times the dial had turned. He could see at a glance what minute, hour and second it was.

"Thank you for your suggestion, Speaker Lin. I didn't expect that you have such high attainments in alchemy." Sean bowed slightly to express his gratitude.

Before when he was in the empire, he had heard about how talented this magic star was in magic research, but he did not expect that the other party was such a versatile person.

"In fact, Speaker Lin is the wizard with the most proficient alchemy in the entire magical world. My title of magic creator has long been unworthy of its name." Vittorio, who was sitting on the judges' bench, said with shame.

Lin En, who created airships, fighter planes, magic trains, and giant steel warships in just a few years, is more worthy of the title of magic creator.

The Yangyan Cannon he developed himself was certainly very powerful, but it was just copying others and using alchemical methods to reproduce [End - Atomic Breath].

"Actually, my alchemy skills are very average. At best, I just have some experience in engineering research." Lin En shook his head and smiled. He knew very well that he just had the advantage of broad knowledge.

Even if he didn't remind him, Sean would be able to perfect it through repeated improvements.

Lynn quickly passed over the topic and instead discussed with Haroff and others whether Sean should be nominated for the Morning Star Medal.

Everyone is very optimistic about this new way of timekeeping.

Although its accuracy is not as good as that of the magic clock, its greatest value lies in that it does not require magic power, which means that even ordinary civilians can use it. The structure is not complicated and it has great popular value.

This is a perfect example of utilizing gravitational potential energy, and is much more reliable than those so-called perpetual motion machines.

Lin En also nodded. In his opinion, the meaning of this pendulum clock was more profound than its function. It represented an innovation in timekeeping devices.

As the research target gradually moves deeper into the microscopic field, the magic hourglass with an accuracy of only 0.1 second seems to be insufficient. It must be accurate to one thousandth of a second or even one ten-thousandth of a second.

The wizard in front of him named Sean might be a good developer of a new type of timer.

In view of this, Lin En was generous in rewarding the other party and directly awarded him a Morning Star Medal.

Sean stood there flattered, watching the magic star personally pin the medal on him, his face flushed with excitement. He had never enjoyed such honorable treatment before!

After bowing again to express his gratitude, Sean sat down again amidst the envy of everyone. Several wizards beside him took the initiative to talk to him enthusiastically.

"Then the next one is Master Sanchez's light particle scattering experiment." Harov glanced at the list in his hand and read it out.

Hearing this, all the wizards present were shocked. They understood that this was the focus of this academic seminar.

The dispute over the theories of light particles and waves has been going on for months, and it is not just a simple theoretical dispute. It concerns the ownership of a corona medal, and no one can give up.

Under the watchful eyes of the crowd, Sanchez stood up and walked to the booth. After bowing to the speakers, he began to expound his theory of light particles.

This is the same as the papers previously published in Magic Daily. The fundamental argument is that light is made up of a large number of particles. Even a beam with a diameter of 0.1 mm contains hundreds of millions of light particles! As he spoke, Sanchez raised his right hand and created a reddish translucent magic ball in his palm. A large number of mimetic elements were constantly surging inside to simulate the existence of photoelectrons.

At this moment, a wizard who supported the wave theory suddenly sneered and interrupted Sanchez.

"Wait, Master Sanchez, you just said that light is electricity and electricity is light, and you even believed that electricity is made up of even smaller light particles..."

In the huge conference room, there was a burst of laughter. Candles certainly cannot be used to generate electricity... However, some people did not laugh, including Sanchez. Instead, he sighed helplessly.

"I wonder if you are a wizard from the Kingdom or the Empire?"

"I come from the Steel City of Seltod..." the wizard said with an unchanging expression.

Seltod is an important city located in the eastern part of the kingdom. It was "recovered" relatively late and had previously been under the rule of the great nobles.

In the implicit division of wizard groups, they are in the lower-middle level.

Although they are all wizards, prejudices against each other still exist.

For example, wizards born in the Land of Wizards look down on wizards born in the Kingdom, thinking that they are all barbarians who have not received systematic magic education, while wizards in the Kingdom look down on wizards in the Empire...

Even though Parliament is intentionally trying to eliminate regional differences, such contradictions are still inevitable.

Sanchez also realized that his words might cause some misunderstanding, and hurriedly shook his head and said, "Anyway, I suggest you buy a copy of Master Arad's book [The Nature of Flame], and take a good look at Speaker Lin's [On the Internal Structure of Elements, Electron Orbital Model], so as not to ask such stupid questions again."

"What is fire? It is an oxidation reaction that occurs during the combustion of matter. If the temperature is high enough, it will become a ball of high-temperature plasma..."

"And electrons exist inside every element. I think everyone should know this common sense..."

Sanchez looked at the wizard with disdain. Let alone candles, in theory, all substances can be ionized if the temperature is high enough! Hearing this, the wizards who were just laughing were all embarrassed, and the wizard who spoke was speechless.

After Sanchez explained, he ignored these ignorant people and continued to talk about his particle theory, using the pinhole imaging that Glenn had just demonstrated as a basis.

Thanks to the apprentices' efforts, a simple experimental table was quickly built.

There are only three things on it.

On the left is a candle, in the center is a partition with a tiny hole, and on the right is a stone wall.

Sanchez lit the candle, and a candle-shaped light spot immediately appeared on the stone wall opposite, but it was upside down.

"We can imagine that the light emitted by the candle flame is composed of countless light spots. Since the diameter of the flame is larger than the hole, the light spots emitted from the upper part of the candle flame will pass through the small hole in a straight line and shine on the bottom of the wall, while the light emitted from the lower part of the candle flame will shine on the top of the stone wall. All the light spots combined together form an inverted candle flame!"

"If light is a wave, then it would not be possible to show such an inverted, clear image with completely opposite shapes and sizes!" Sanchez said loudly. "So there is no doubt that light is a particle that travels in a straight line!"

Sanchez's voice continued to echo in the exhibition hall, and the wizards present looked at the conspicuous candlelight on the stone wall and talked among themselves.

"Then how do you explain the interference and diffraction of light?" Jeffrey, who had been silent all this time, finally couldn't help but speak, and his first question revealed the deadlock of the particle school.

"This is exactly what I'm going to do next!" Sanchez said with a mocking smile. "All it takes is a simple simulation to make everything clear!"

Sanchez immediately ordered people to remove the candles and replace the middle baffle with a double-slit one. He then created another elemental group glowing blue in his left hand.

"Now I assume they are photoelectrons!"

Sanchez held up two elemental balls, one red and one blue, and shot them towards the two gaps in the baffle under the gaze of everyone!

After these two groups of particle elements hit the hole with a smaller diameter, the protective film on the outside burst directly, and the magical mimicry elements inside began to spread in all directions.

Since there were two explosion sources at the same time and the distance between them was very close, many scattered red and blue elements quickly collided with each other and fused together, making the power even stronger.

The wizard in the front row suddenly stood up from his seat, staring at the stone wall.

The red and green mimicry elements hit the wall, leaving behind eye-catching holes. About three seconds later, the result was out. The landing points of the scattered elements were concentrated in several areas, forming nine stripes formed by impact holes.

It's not that there are no holes in the middle of these stripes, but there are relatively few of them.

"Interference fringes, these are interference fringes!" Sean shouted in astonishment.

More and more people have realized that if these potholes are compared to scattered light particles, then the areas with dense potholes are the brightest areas, and the rest of the areas are relatively dark.

In other words, even if light is a particle beam, it is possible for light interference and diffraction to occur! Realizing this, the wizards who supported the light particle theory were all very excited. Sanchez's experiment undoubtedly eliminated the biggest obstacle to the particle theory. For a while, cheers and applause resounded throughout the exhibition hall.

The great wizard Arad directly read out the result and shouted loudly, "This is the victory of particle theory!"

Sanchez turned his gaze towards Jeffrey and Anthony with a smug look.

"I have to say, this explanation is very clever, Sanchez!" Anthony couldn't help but exclaim.

He had read the theory of photoelectron explosion proposed by Sanchez, but he did not expect that the other party had actually carried out this experiment, although it was only the result of an experimental simulation of photons.

"I'm sorry you gave up on the right path, Anthony." Sanchez said with a chuckle. "It's not too late to repent now!"

Anthony shook his head and sighed, "Unfortunately, this theory is wrong!"

Seeing that Anthony was still stubborn, Sanchez frowned in dissatisfaction, but before he could reply, Anthony spoke again and said in a decisive tone.

"Because I have found the essence of light. It is actually... an electromagnetic wave!"

(End of this chapter)