In the eighth year of Tonghe, the prefectures and counties established by the various palaces in charge of human resources included Laiyuan County of Yiku Prefecture, Changqing County of Xian Prefecture under Liaoxi Prefecture, and Hongli County of Chuan Prefecture.
At the beginning of Kaitai, Xinzhou and its two subordinate counties were established. The population of Pingzhou was divided and the population of other counties was combined to establish Laizhou under Xizhou. "Emperor Shengzong collected the accounts and moved to Xinzhou. However, heavy snow prevented him from advancing and he built a city here."
The accounts are palace accounts and palace households, which include nomadic peoples such as Khitan, as well as settled farming people such as Han and Bohai.
The Tixiasi, also known as the Zhizhisi, is the abbreviation of the Tixiazhizhisi. It is an institution set up in prefectures and counties to manage the palace households of Han and Bohai people in various places.
The other prefectures and counties recorded in the "Geographical Records" must have been built according to the division of labor among the palaces, but were omitted from the report.
In April of the second year of Kaitai, it was recorded that "Han Bin collected 25,400 households from Shanguo, Taluhe, Feng, Hao and other states, and established ten counties including Changba, Xingren and Baohe."
Haozhou is a different spelling of Touxiazhou Fengzhou or Touxiazhou Fengzhou, and the people of Shanguo and Taluluhe are most likely the people of Gongfen.
If the chronology of Baohe County in the "Banchian Ji" is correct, this inference is valid. The prefectures and counties established based on the household registration system for the imperial court were either subordinate to the imperial guards or directly under the imperial court. Households registered in prefectures and counties under the imperial guards were not members of the imperial court. The imperial guards were part of the Imperial Household Department, and the Imperial Household Department owned the Imperial Treasury.
Controlling the excessive expansion of the palace guards was beneficial to the country's economic development, sound finances, and tax and service systems. After Emperor Shengzong, many of the nobles' military prefectures were nationalized and became palace guard prefectures and counties, or prefectures and counties directly under the imperial court.
The military prefectures under the Liao Dynasty were "populated by kings, relatives of the emperor's wife, ministers, and various tribes, who captured or captured people during their campaigns and established prefectures and counties." "They also included private slaves," a product of the Liao Dynasty's suppression of slavery. The status of captives and private slaves incorporated into the military prefectures under the Liao Dynasty was different from that of lowly slaves; they were transferred to other households, similar to clients.
The taxes of the military and state households were distributed between the headmaster and the state, and they retained a strong dependent relationship with the headmaster.
Before Emperor Shengzong's reign, some Touxia military prefectures were nationalized due to confiscation of property due to crimes or extinction of the heirs. After Emperor Shengzong's reign, with the development of the feudal economy and the strengthening of central power, the state strengthened its control over Touxia military prefectures. Except for a few established for princesses, concubines, and ministers, no new Touxia military prefectures were established, and many existing ones were nationalized.
Records of household statistics only appeared during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Liao, when he "registered all households in the five capitals."
One was the "General Household Registration" in the ninth year of Tonghe, and the other was the "General Household Registration in the Palace" in the fifteenth year of Tonghe.
In the 21st year of Tonghe, the phrase "Tongkuo Nanyuanbu Min" appeared again.
The household census work is closely related to the establishment and evolution of the aforementioned prefectures, counties, and tribes. This was an inevitable result of the Liao Dynasty's economic and social development.
This practice began in the early Tonghe period and continued and consolidated after the Treaty of Chanyuan. The legal status of slaves also improved during the reign of Emperor Shengzong. Previously, slave owners could kill slaves at will, but in the 24th year of the Tonghe period, it was stipulated that "slaves who committed crimes and died must be sent to the authorities; their masters were not allowed to kill them without authorization."
Princesses and nobles who killed slaves without authorization were also subject to criminal charges. In the sixth year of Emperor Shengzong's Kaitai reign, Princess Saige murdered a maid. The princess and her husband were demoted and dismissed from their posts. During the Chongxi reign of Emperor Xingzong, Khitan noble Yelü Niaolu was sentenced to death for killing another's maid. However, he was spared and exiled to a remote area because of his painting skills, which pleased Emperor Xingzong.
The punishment for slaves was also reduced. In the second year of the Chongxi reign of Emperor Xingzong, it was stipulated that if a slave escaped or stole property from his master, his master could not tattoo his face without his permission. Only the arms and neck could be tattooed.
This was consistent with the decree issued at the same time that abolished whale masking throughout the country. Originally, slaves could only report their masters to the government if they committed capital crimes such as treason or high treason. In the fourth year of Emperor Daozong's Qingning reign, slaves were allowed to report officials in charge of the inner treasury if they embezzled more than two kan.
The development of feudal economy and culture and the improvement of political and legal systems are the fundamental reasons for suppressing slavery factors and improving the legal status of slaves.
Changes in class relations, social structure, and the acceleration of ethnic integration have led to calls for a unified official system and standardized customs, and corresponding legal adjustments are needed.
At the beginning of Liao Dynasty, the basic policy was "rule according to local customs", "govern Khitan with national system and treat Han people with Han system", "determine the laws for governing Khitan and other barbarians, while Han people will be judged according to Tang laws." Therefore, "there are many people with the same crime but different opinions."
In July of the seventh year of Emperor Shengzong's Taiping reign, he issued an edict to revise the laws, requiring that "if there are omissions or inaccuracies in the regulations, the proposals on the regulations should be added to and revised."
In April of the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Xingzong, the newly established "Regulations" since the seventh year of the reign of Emperor Taiping were promulgated. In the twentieth year of the reign of Emperor Chongxi, the "Regulations" were revised again.
In 1070, the sixth year of Emperor Daozong's Xianyong reign, "the emperor ordered the revision of the "Regulations" because "the customs of the Khitan and Han peoples were different and the laws of the country could not be applied differently." "All those that were in line with the laws and regulations should be recorded in detail, and those that were not in line should be kept separately." It was further revised during the Dakang and Da'an periods.
In 1057, the third year of Qingning reign of Emperor Daozong, the emperor presented the poem "The ruler and his subjects share the same values, the Chinese and the barbarians share the same customs" to the empress dowager.
Although the emergence of this political concept is somewhat different from reality, it is indeed an inevitable result of the political, economic and cultural development of the Liao Dynasty, reflects the trend of national integration and is a manifestation of social progress.
As early as the seventh year of Emperor Xingzong's Chongxi reign, Xiao Xiaozhong, while serving as Governor of Tokyo, petitioned to lift the ban on Bohai people playing chu, arguing, "The emperor regards the four seas as his home, so why should he distinguish between them?" Five years later, while serving as Privy Councilor of the Northern Court, he again petitioned, "The customs of the two privies in one country are different. It would be a blessing if they were united under one heaven."
Legal reforms since Emperor Shengzong generally followed a path of blending Han and non-Han laws, reflecting profound changes in social production and life. However, Emperor Daozong was too biased towards Han systems, overly rejecting the traditional laws and customs of ethnic groups like the Khitan. Furthermore, due to corrupt bureaucracy and complex social contradictions, legal reforms ultimately failed.
According to historical records, "the treaties were complicated and the rules could not be fully understood, so the ignorant people did not know what to avoid and the officials took advantage of the situation to commit crimes." In the fifth year of Da'an, the old laws of Chongxi were implemented again.
In short, the facts of historical development after the Treaty of Chanyuan show that the treaty had an important impact on the political, economic, social and cultural development of both Liao and Song, especially for the relatively backward Khitan people and the area north of Youyun, and its positive significance was very obvious.
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