In fact, the "tributary" relationship was mainly a trade relationship, reflecting the shift of the focus of foreign trade to sea routes.
I have a question: if we can guarantee a stable income from land finance, then there's no problem letting the market spontaneously regulate land ownership. Bankrupt farmers continue to work as tenants or migrate to the cities, gradually transforming into the "bourgeois class." Large landowners annex land, and the state, through the imperial examination system, gradually deprives the former large landowners of their political and economic privileges, ultimately achieving a gradual elimination and screening of the landlords.
I feel that many of the conclusions in Mr. Li's book are supported by subjective remarks of officials at that time on the situation in a certain place. I have read monographs and papers from the Ming Dynasty and they often quote county chronicles and use statistical methods to make the author's conclusions more convincing.
Although they are all from traditional historical materials such as long compilations and compilations, I feel that if the statistics were directly taken from the contents of local county annals, it would be more convincing. Of course, this may also be because statistical history is not so popular in China?
However, the enemy, seeing the fierce resistance of the cavalry and infantry, used ox carts to transport over thirty red-haired cannons, firing hundreds of rounds at the cavalry and infantry battalions from the east and west. Each battalion found sealed cannonballs weighing around seven or eight pounds, made of copper and iron. They were inspected and found, and over 400 were stored in the Songshan warehouse. An unknown number remained uncollected. Fortunately, the soldiers in each battalion remained calm, and the Fire Camp responded to the enemy's attack. At 5 p.m., the enemy retreated northward, and each garrison withdrew its troops and returned to its camps.
Aertutai, a Tatar from the north, returned, claiming to be serving under Yesen and having a feud with Pingzhang Kelaiku. He feared harm and therefore came back. He then reported that Yesen was planning a southern invasion and was forcing his leader, King Toghtobuha, to attack him. The king stopped him, saying, "We have served the Ming Dynasty well. How could they have wronged you? Why would they do this? Heaven's will cannot be defied. Those who defy it will suffer the consequences."
Yesen refused to listen, saying, "If the king won't do it, I will do it myself. Even if I can't capture their great cities, their fields can't be cultivated, and their people can't rest, I can still plunder them and succeed." He also said that Yesen had once released his captives and not brought the two back to the capital at night, not with good intentions, but to see what the court was up to. The emperor ordered Aer Tuotai to be a pacification officer in Nanjing, with a salary, and provided him with a crown, belt, and room.
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