The population is freed from the constraints of humans and the original habitat and continues to expand. The distribution area gradually and steadily expands, affecting the growth of organisms in the new habitat. This process is called biological invasion.
Producers: Producers refer to autotrophic organisms that can use inorganic matter to produce organic matter, mainly green plants, but also some blue-green algae, photosynthetic bacteria and chemosynthetic bacteria.
Consumer: Consumer refers to heterotrophic organisms that directly or indirectly use green plant organic matter as a food source, mainly animals and parasites.
Decomposers: Decomposers, also known as reducers, are mainly microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, and also include some protozoa that live a saprophytic life.
Ecosystem services refer to the benefits that humans obtain directly or indirectly from ecosystems, and are ecosystem products (goods) and services (services) that contribute to human survival and quality of life.
Food chain: The food chain refers to the chain structure in an ecosystem in which organisms are connected through the relationship of eating and being eaten.
Food chain delisting: Food chain delisting means that when toxic substances accumulate to a certain level in the food chain, they are cut off from the food chain that reaches humans.
Turnover rate: Turnover rate refers to the fraction of the amount of material flowing out or inflowing from a component (reservoir) per unit time to the total inventory after the system reaches a stable state.
Pheromones: Biological secondary metabolites are involved in chemical information transmission at all levels of the ecosystem to coordinate various functions. These chemical substances that transmit information are generally called pheromones.
Feedback: The system output component, or the system output information is sent back to become the control information of the same system input, which is called feedback.
Positive feedback: refers to feedback that accelerates the change of system output in the original direction of change.
Negative feedback: refers to feedback that slows down or reverses the change in the system output in the original direction of change.
Ecological engineering: It is a multi-layer and multi-level production process system designed by applying the principles of species symbiosis and material recycling in ecosystems, combined with the optimization methods of system engineering.
Ecological balance: refers to the situation in which the structures and functions of all parts of an ecosystem (organisms, environment, and humans) are in a good state of mutual adaptation and coordination under certain time and relatively stable conditions.
Landscape ecology: Landscape ecology is a comprehensive discipline that studies the type composition, spatial pattern of landscape units and their interaction with ecological processes.
Restoration ecology: Restoration ecology is a discipline that studies the causes of ecosystem degradation, the techniques and methods for restoring and reconstructing degraded ecosystems, and their ecological processes and mechanisms.
Short Answer Questions
Briefly describe the law of combined action of factors.
Answer: (1) The comprehensive effect of ecological factors: Changes in a single factor in the ecological environment will inevitably cause other factors to respond to varying degrees. Therefore, when conducting ecological factor analysis, we cannot only pay attention to a single ecological factor and ignore other factors.
(2) Interaction of ecological factors: The effect of ecological factors on organisms is not single, but multiple interrelated factors that influence each other and act on organisms in a comprehensive manner. Their effects can be superimposed, offset or unrelated to each other.
(3) The primary and secondary effects of ecological factors: Among the many ecological factors that play a comprehensive role under certain conditions, one or a few factors that play a major and decisive role on organisms are called dominant factors, and the other factors are secondary factors.
(4) Direct and indirect effects: Based on the interaction between ecological factors and organisms, ecological factors can be divided into direct and indirect effects. Distinguishing their modes of action is important for understanding the growth, development, reproduction and distribution of organisms.
(5) The phased effects of ecological factors: The needs of organisms for ecological factors vary at different stages of growth and development, and have phased characteristics. A certain factor is a limiting factor at one stage and a non-limiting factor at another stage. (Beneficial, harmful; dominant, secondary)
(6) Irreplaceability and compensatory effects: Ecological factors acting on organisms all have their own special functions and effects. The impact of each ecological factor on organisms is equally important and irreplaceable. However, due to the combined effects of ecological factors, the lack of a certain factor in quantity can be partially compensated by other factors to achieve similar ecological effects.
2. Briefly describe the characteristics of submerged organisms:
Roots are degenerate or absent, and the aeration system is well-developed. Leaves are often ribbon-like, filamentous, or extremely thin, which increases light-collecting area and facilitates the absorption of CO2 and inorganic salts. Epidermal cells can directly absorb gases, nutrients, and water from the water. Chloroplasts are large and numerous, adapting to the low light environment of water. Plants possess strong elasticity and resistance to distortion to adapt to the flow of water. Freshwater plants can automatically regulate osmotic pressure, while marine plants are isotonic. Asexual reproduction is more developed than sexual reproduction.
5..The main differences between organismic theory and individualistic theory.
Organismic theory: The view that communities are objective entities, organized living systems, like organisms and populations, and organic entities. Furthermore, they are reproducible and inevitable, possessing specific composition, structure, and characteristics. They are considered natural units.
Individualism: It believes that communities are not natural entities, but a collection of species artificially determined by ecologists from a continuously changing vegetation continuum for the convenience of research.
6. Analyze the relationship between environmental factors, ecological factors and survival factors.
Answer: Difference:
(1) The elements that make up the environment are called environmental factors.
(2) All environmental factors that have a direct or indirect impact on the growth, development, reproduction, behavior and distribution of organisms are called ecological factors.
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