Based on Lenin's concept of matter, explain the important theoretical significance of the Marxist view of matter.
(2) Material questions:
Read the following materials:
Here are some materials on the ancient Chinese philosopher Laozi:
Materials (1):
Lao Tzu proposed a series of contradictory concepts, including yin and yang, existence and non-existence, size, front and back, strong and weak, stillness and restlessness, life and death, survival and extinction, rise and fall, beauty and ugliness, good and evil, attack and defense, order and chaos, past and present, and difficulty and ease. He also said, "The opposite is the movement of the Tao"; "existence and non-existence give rise to each other, difficulty and ease complement each other, length and shortness contrast, high and low incline, sounds harmonize, and front and back follow each other"; and "Misfortune is the foundation of fortune, and fortune is the root of misfortune."
Materials (2)
“A tree as big as two people's embrace grows from a tiny seed; a nine-story tower starts from a pile of earth; a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step”; “The difficult things in the world are compared to the easy, and the great things in the world are compared to the small.”
Please answer the following questions:
A. Please use the relevant principles of Marxism to analyze the philosophical meanings of Material (1) and Material (2).
B. Based on the contents of materials (1) and (2), evaluate the connotation and guiding significance of the dialectical thought of Chinese philosopher Pu Su.
(3) Material questions:
Read the following materials:
There's a famous Zen garden in Kyoto, Japan. After its completion, the architect invited members of the imperial family to tour it. One member of the imperial family walked through the garden and exclaimed, "This is truly beautiful! It's truly the most beautiful garden in all of Japan." He pointed to a stone by the pond and exclaimed, "This stone is the most beautiful in the entire garden." The architect immediately had the stone removed. The member, surprised, asked, "Why do you do this?" The architect respectfully replied, "If there's something particularly conspicuous in the garden, it disrupts its harmony. By removing it, it finally becomes flawless." A unique flower amidst the verdant landscape turned out to be a flaw, disrupting the harmony of the entire green forest. (Excerpt from a selection of beautiful articles from the 2004 "Newspaper Digest," originally published in the February 13, 2004 issue of "Modern Women's Daily," by Nong Xian'an)
Please answer the following questions based on the materials:
1. What is the philosophical reason behind the architect’s decision to “ask people to move this most beautiful stone”?
2. Briefly describe the unity and struggle of contradictions and their relationship.
(IV) Material questions:
Read the following materials:
A large retail chain with dozens of supermarkets in various cities planned to open a new store near a residential complex in City N and decided to open a sales director position. The announcement was flooded with applications. After several rounds of selection, only ten candidates remained. In the final round, the company asked applicants to thoroughly survey the community's purchasing power within three days. Those who accurately covered the time period and provided the information were hired. The applicants used a variety of research methods: some employed random sampling, others conducted telephone surveys, and some directly interviewed residents. The candidate who completed the survey the fastest (in just four hours) and was ultimately appointed sales director achieved results that were essentially consistent with those of the others. Explaining their method, the successful applicant said, "I didn't contact anyone in the community. I simply checked all the trash cans and, based on the amount, packaging, and type of trash, I was able to derive a rough estimate of the community's overall consumption level." (Excerpt from the Yangtze Evening News, March 12, 2007)
Please answer the following questions based on the materials:
1. What are the basic points of this successful candidate’s investigation method?
2. Briefly describe the relationship between sensory knowledge and rational knowledge and the conditions for achieving the leap from sensory knowledge to rational knowledge.
(V) Material questions:
Materials (1):
Mencius said: "The people are the most important, the country and the people are the second, and the ruler is the least important." — From "Mencius. The Doctrine of the Mean, Part 2"
Xunzi believed: "The ruler is like a boat; the common people are like water. Water carries the boat, but it can also overturn it." - "Xunzi. Wangzhi"
Ingredients (2):
Liang Qichao said: "If the psychological movements of great men change slightly, the whole history can be changed."
Hu Shi said: A hero "can make a nation flourish or destroy it with a single word." — Hu Shi's Recent Works on Learning, Volume 1
Ingredients (3):
Hegel believed that history is not the product of arbitrary individual creation but is determined by a certain "objective spirit." Great individuals are "agents of the world spirit," and Napoleon embodied this "world spirit," "riding his horse across the world and dominating it." World history is the history of great individuals and dynasties, "not the history of the people in general."
Please use the principles of historical materialism on the historical role of the masses to answer the following questions:
(1) The rationality and limitations of Material 1
(2) The ideological tendencies of Materials 2 and 3
(3) Commonalities between Materials 2 and 3
Tip: The viewpoint of Material 1 is the people-oriented historical view, the viewpoint of Material 2 is the heroic historical view, and the viewpoint of Material 3 is the objective idealist historical view.
(6) Material questions:
Read the following materials:
The following is what writer Ding Ling once said about her understanding of Cheng Fangwu:
Before meeting him, Ding Ling had a series of "ideal fantasies" about Cheng Fangwu: "In literature, he advocated romanticism, as the Creation Society had originally advocated; he had returned from studying in Japan, so he must have been very Westernized and unrestrained, because I had seen some arrogant poets with high-handedness and lofty speeches; he studied weapons manufacturing abroad, so he might have been a solemn and serious person; he was an instructor at the Whampoa Military Academy, so he must have had a military bearing; he had engaged in literary debates with Lu Xun within the revolutionary literary ranks, and he had written articles that were quite fiery, so didn't he have a bit of Zhang Fei and Li Kui-like temperament?"
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