The ovipositor is often a tubular structure, consisting of a dorsal ovipositor, a ventral ovipositor and an inner ovipositor.
Insects with chewing mouthparts: The digestive tract is divided into the foregut, midgut and hindgut.
The nervous system of insects consists of the central nervous system, the sympathetic nervous system, and the peripheral nervous system.
The sensory organs that insects use to respond to stimuli are divided into: tactile organs, chemosensory organs, auditory organs and visual organs.
Endogenous hormones are hormones secreted by insects that control and coordinate various physiological functions during their development. They mainly include brain hormones, molting hormones, and juvenile hormones. Pheromone includes sex-inhibiting hormones, sex pheromones, aggregation pheromones, marking pheromones, and alarm pheromones.
Reproduction methods of insects: sexual reproduction, parthenogenesis (whiteflies, scale insects, thrips), ovoviviparity and polyembryony (Braconidae, Echinopsidae, and Eurypteridae).
Insect development is divided into three stages: pre-embryonic development, embryonic development and post-embryonic development.
The pupae of insects are divided into free pupae, peripupa and covered pupae.
There are two main types of spore fruits: conidiophores and conidiophores.
According to the characteristics of virus transmission by insect vectors, plant viruses can be divided into three types: mouth needle type, circulating type and proliferative type.
There are five important genera of plant pathogenic nematodes: Aphelenchoides, Ditylenchus, Heterodera, Meloidogyne, and Aphelenchus.
Plants' responses to pathogen infection: immunity, resistance, tolerance, and susceptibility.
The infection process of pathogens (4 periods): pre-invasion period (contact period), invasion period, latent period and pathogenesis period.
There are two types of pathogen spread within the host: local infection and systemic infection.
There are three ways for pathogens to invade host plants: direct invasion, natural orifice invasion, and wound invasion.
The symptoms of plant diseases are mainly divided into: discoloration, necrosis, rot, wilting and deformity; the main signs are powdery matter, moldy matter, spots, granules and pus.
Decay is divided into dry rot, wet rot and soft rot, according to the speed of water loss.
Continue read on readnovelmtl.com
