1. Glossary
Plant protection: It is a practical science that comprehensively utilizes multidisciplinary knowledge to protect human target plants from biological hazards, improve the return on plant production input, and safeguard human material and environmental interests in an economical and scientific way.
Plant diseases: Due to the influence of pathogenic factors, the normal physiological and biochemical functions of plants are disturbed, and their growth and development are affected, resulting in various pathological changes in physiology or tissue structure, becoming morbid or even dying.
Symptoms: refers to the organizational structure of pathogens formed in the diseased part of the plant, which is visible to the naked eye.
Pathology: An abnormal condition that occurs inside or on the surface of plant tissues due to the influence of pathogenic factors.
Dilution limit: the highest dilution concentration at which the virus remains infective.
Inactivation temperature: The lowest temperature at which the virus loses its activity after 10 minutes of constant temperature treatment.
In vitro survival period: The time that the virus juice maintains its infectious ability under in vitro conditions at 20-22°C.
Local infection: After the pathogen invades, the area of its spread is limited to the area near the invasion point, and the resulting disease is called a local disease. Most plant diseases are local diseases.
Systemic infection: When the pathogen spreads from the invasion point to most or all of the host plant, the disease caused is called a systemic disease.
Infectious diseases: Plant diseases caused by biological factors (pathogens) that can be transmitted between individual plants, so they are also called infectious diseases.
Non-infectious diseases: Plant diseases caused by abiotic factors (unsuitable environmental conditions) do not involve the infection of pathogens and cannot be transmitted between individual plants. Therefore, they are also called non-infectious diseases or physiological diseases.
Monohost parasitism: The life cycle of a fungus is completed on the same host, which is called monohost parasitism.
Transhost parasitism: The process of completing one's life cycle on a different host is called transhost parasitism.
Fungal polymorphism refers to the phenomenon that more than two spore types can be produced throughout the life history of the fungus.
Specialized type: refers to the specialized type within the pathogenic species that has different pathogenicity to the families and genera of the host plant.
Physiological subspecies: The same pathogen is differentiated into several types that are morphologically similar but have different host ranges, parasitism and pathogenicity. These different types of fungi are called physiological subspecies.
Sexual dimorphism: In addition to the primary sexual characteristics (reproductive organs) of male and female adults of the same insect species, some insects have obvious differences in antennae, body size, body color and other morphological characteristics. This phenomenon is called sexual dimorphism.
Polymorphism: In the same species of insects, in addition to male and female dimorphism, there are also two or more different types of individuals in the same sex, which is called polymorphism.
Metamorphosis: In the process of development from egg to adult, insects undergo a series of stage-by-stage changes in external morphology and internal organs, that is, they go through several different developmental stages from quantitative change to qualitative change. This change is called metamorphosis.
Annual life history: refers to the process that occurs within one year from the time an insect begins to become active in the overwintering stage.
Dormancy: Due to unsuitable environmental conditions, insects stop growing and developing, and stop eating and moving. Once the environmental conditions become suitable, they can resume normal life activities. This phenomenon is called dormancy.
Diapause: Certain insects experience a period of growth and developmental arrest, becoming inactive and abstaining from food or movement, regardless of suitable environmental conditions, during certain seasons and developmental stages. This phenomenon is influenced by both external factors (photoperiod, temperature, food, humidity, and population density) and internal factors (hormones).
Plant quarantine: A country or local government promulgates laws and establishes special agencies to prohibit or restrict the artificial introduction or export of dangerous diseases, insects, weeds, etc., or takes a series of measures to limit their continued spread after introduction.
2. Fill-in-the-blank questions
Different insects have different requirements for food. According to the nature of their food, they can be divided into herbivorous (monophobic, oligophagous and polyphagous), carnivorous, saprophagous and omnivorous.
According to the nature of the stimulus, tropism can be divided into: phototaxis, thermotaxis, chemotaxis, hygrotaxis and geotaxis.
The main types of spatial distribution of diseases are: uniform distribution; random distribution; core distribution; mosaic distribution.
Disease surveys are usually divided into three types: general surveys, key surveys and investigation and research.
The impact of environmental factors on the invasion of pathogens: humidity and temperature have the greatest impact.
There are three ways for pathogens to overwinter and oversummer: parasitism, saprophytic activity and dormancy.
Places where pathogens overwinter and oversummer: seeds, seedlings and asexual reproductive organs, diseased plants in the field, diseased plant residues, soil, manure, insects or other vectors.
Ways and means of transmission of pathogens: air flow, rainwater, insects and other vectors, and human factors.
Based on the length of time required for bacterial accumulation and the different time scales for measuring disease epidemics, epidemic diseases are divided into two types, namely single-year epidemic diseases and long-term epidemic diseases.
The basic structure of antennae consists of the pedicel, stalk, and flagellum. Antenna type is an important basis for species identification and differentiation of males and females.
The breath of insects is generally divided into two types: chewing and absorption. The latter is further divided into piercing-sucking (cicadas), siphoning (moths and butterflies) and rasp-sucking (thrips) due to different absorption methods.
The basic structure of the insect thoracic leg is composed of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus and pretarsus.
Types of thoracic legs in insects: walking legs (ground beetles, longhorn beetles), jumping legs (locusts, crickets), catching legs (praying mantises, assassin bugs), digging legs (mole crickets), swimming legs (water beetles, upturned stink bugs), grasping legs (male water beetles), pollen-carrying legs (bees), and climbing legs (lice).
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